Amafutha Emvelo Ahlanzekile angu-100% e-Eucommiae Foliuml Amafutha Abalulekile Okunakekelwa Kwesikhumba

incazelo emfushane:

I-Eucommia ulmoides(EU) (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “Du Zhong” ngesiShayina) iyingxenye yomndeni we-Eucommiaceae, uhlobo lomuthi omncane odabuka eCentral China [1]. Lesi sitshalo sitshalwa kabanzi eShayina ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso kwezokwelapha. Cishe amakhemikhali ayi-112 ahlukaniswe kwi-EU afaka phakathi ama-lignan, ama-iridoid, ama-phenolics, ama-steroids, namanye amakhemikhali. Ifomula yamakhambi ahambisanayo yalesi sitshalo (njengetiye elimnandi) ibonise ezinye izakhiwo zokwelapha. Iqabunga le-EU linomsebenzi ophezulu ohlobene ne-cortex, imbali, nezithelo [2,3]. Amaqabunga e-EU kubikwe ukuthi aqinisa amandla amathambo kanye nemisipha yomzimba [4], ngaleyo ndlela kuholela ekuphileni isikhathi eside futhi kukhuthaze ukuzala kubantu [5]. Ifomula yetiye elimnandi elenziwe ngeqabunga le-EU kubikwa ukuthi linciphisa ukukhuluphala futhi lithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Kubikwa ukuthi ama-flavonoid compounds (njenge-rutin, i-chlorogenic acid, i-ferulic acid, kanye ne-caffeic acid) abonisa umsebenzi wama-antioxidants emaqabunga e-EU [6].

Nakuba kube nezincwadi ezanele ngezakhiwo ze-phytochemical ze-EU, zimbalwa izifundo ezikhona ngezakhiwo ze-pharmacological zamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene akhishwe emagxolweni, imbewu, iziqu, namaqabunga e-EU. Leli phepha lokubuyekeza lizochaza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana namakhemikhali ahlukene akhishwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene (amagxolo, imbewu, isiqu, namaqabunga) e-EU kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwala makhemikhali ezimpahleni ezikhuthaza impilo ngemigqa yobufakazi besayensi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuhlinzekwe ngezinto zokubhekisela zokusetshenziswa kwe-EU.

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Sithumelele i-imeyili

Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo

Amathegi Omkhiqizo

Ama-Lignan kanye nemikhiqizo yawo yizona zinto ezibalulekile ze-EU [7]. Kuze kube manje, ama-lignan angu-28 (njenge-bisepoxylignans, i-monoepoxylignans, i-neolignans, kanye ne-sesquilignans) ahlukaniswe emagxolweni, amaqabunga, kanye nembewu ye-EU. I-Iridoid glycoside, uhlobo lwe-metabolites yesibili, iyisakhi sesibili esiyinhloko se-EU. Ama-Iridoid avame ukutholakala ezitshalweni ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-glycosides. Ama-iridoid angamashumi amabili nane ahlukaniswe futhi atholakala e-EU (Ithebula 1). Lawa ma-compound ahlukanisiwe afaka i-geniposidic acid, i-aucubin, kanye ne-asperuloside okuye kwabikwa ukuthi anezakhiwo eziningi zemithi [8–10]. Amakhemikhali amabili amasha e-iridoids, i-Eucommides-A kanye ne--C, asanda kuhlukaniswa. Lawa makhemikhali amabili emvelo abhekwa njengama-conjugates e-iridoid nama-amino acid. Kodwa-ke, indlela esebenza ngayo ayitholakali [11].

2.2. Ama-Phenolic Compounds

Kubikwe ukuthi ama-phenolic compounds atholakala ekudleni anethonya elihle empilweni yabantu [12,13]. Cishe amakhemikhali e-phenolic angu-29 ahlukanisiwe futhi atholakala e-EU [14]. Okuqukethwe okuphelele kwamakhemikhali e-phenolic (okulinganayo kwe-gallic acid yazo zonke izingcezu) kuhlaziywe kusetshenziswa i-Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. Imiphumela yokushintshashintsha kwesizini kokuqukethwe kwamanye amakhemikhali nama-antioxidants ibikwe. Ngaphakathi nonyaka ofanayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-phenolics nama-flavonoids kwatholakala emaqabunga e-EU ngo-Agasti nangoMeyi, ngokulandelana. I-Rutin, i-quercetin, i-geniposidic acid, kanye ne-aucubin kwakukhona ekugxilweni okuphezulu ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni [15]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi ophezulu wokususa i-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical kanye nekhono lokuchela ama-ion ensimbi kutholakale emaqabunga e-EU avunwe ngo-Agasti. Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwama-antioxidants okudla nakho kubikwe ngoMeyi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkathi zonyaka [15]. Iqabunga le-EU litholakale liwumthombo ocebile wama-amino acid, amavithamini, amaminerali, nama-flavonoid afana ne-quercetin, i-rutin, ne-geniposidic acid [11,16]. Sekukonke ama-flavonoid ayi-7 atholakale ku-I-Eucommiaizitshalo [17]. I-Rutin ne-quercetin yizona flavonoid ezibaluleke kakhulu [18]. Ama-Flavonoid ayizinto ezibalulekile ezivamile emvelweni futhi abhekwa njengezinto ezisebenza njenge-metabolites yesibili futhi asebenza njengezithunywa zamakhemikhali, abalawuli bezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezithibi zomjikelezo weseli.

2.3. Ama-Steroids nama-Terpenoid

Ama-steroid ayisithupha nama-terpenoid amahlanu akhishwe futhi ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezivela e-EU. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:β-sitosterol, i-daucosterol, i-ulmoprenol, i-betalin, i-betulic acid, i-ursolic acid, i-eucommidiol, i-rehmaglutin C, kanye ne-1,4α,5,7α-tetrahydro-7-hydroxymethyl-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic methyl ester eyayihlukaniswe ngqo negxolo le-EU [19]. I-Loliolide nayo isusiwe emaqabungeni [20].

2.4. Ama-Polysaccharides

Ama-polysaccharides avela e-EU izinsuku ezingu-15 ngamanani angu-300–600 mg/kg abikwe ukuthi abonisa imiphumela yokuvikela ezinso njengoba kubonwe amazinga e-malonaldehyde kanye ne-glutathione ngemva kokufakwa kwezinso [21]. Ukuhlolwa kwe-histological kubonise nobufakazi bezakhiwo zokulwa nokungcola. Izingcezu ezivela egxolweni le-EU ezisebenzisa i-ethanol engu-70% nazo zibonise imiphumela yokuvikela ngokumelene ne-cadmium ku-125–500 mg/kg [22Ukuhlolwa kwe-histological kubonise nokuthi i-EU ihlangene ne-I-Panax pseudoginsengngesisindo esingu-25% kanye no-50%, ngokulandelana, amasonto ayisithupha ngesilinganiso somthamo esingu-35.7–41.6 mg/kg kwaveza imiphumela yokuvikela ukukhanya esilinganisweni sokuhlunga kwe-glomerular [8]. Ama-polysaccharide amabili amasha ahlukaniswe ne-EU, okuyi-eucomman A kanye ne-B [23].

2.5. Ezinye Izithako Namakhemikhali

Ama-amino acid, izakhi ezincane, amavithamini, kanye nama-fatty acid nawo ahlukaniswe kwi-EU [17,21–23]. USun nabanye bathole futhi amakhemikhali amasha njenge-n-octacosanoic acid, kanye ne-tetracosanoic-2,3-dihydroxypropylester evela e-EU [24].

Ukwakheka kwe-fatty acid kawoyela okhishwe embewini ye-EU kubonise amazinga ahlukene ama-polyunsaturated fatty acids njenge-linoleic acid, i-linolenic acid (56.51% yama-fatty acids aphelele, ama-TFA), kanye ne-linolelaidic acid (12.66% wama-TFA). Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-monounsaturated fatty acid eyinhloko ehlukaniswe embewini kutholakale ukuthi yi-isoleic acid (15.80% wama-TFA). Ama-dominant saturated fatty acids ahlukaniswe afaka i-palmitic acid kanye ne-stearic acid ezimele ama-9.82% kanye nama-2.59% wama-TFA, ngokulandelana.