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I-Natural Pure Organic Lavender Essential Amafutha okunakekelwa kwesikhumba kwe-Aromatherapy
Indlela Yokukhipha noma Yokucubungula:I-steam distilled
Ingxenye ye-Distillation Isizinda:Imbali
Imvelaphi yezwe: China
Isicelo: Diffuse/aromatherapy/massage
Impilo yeshelufu: iminyaka emi-3
Isevisi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso: ilebula yangokwezifiso nebhokisi noma njengemfuneko yakho
Isitifiketi: GMPC/FDA/ISO9001/MSDS/COA
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100% Pure Natural Organic Magnoliae Officmalis Cortex Amafutha Abalulekile Okunakekelwa Kwesikhumba
Iphunga lika-Hou Po liyababa ngokushesha futhi lihlaba ngokucijile bese livuleka kancane kancane ngobumnandi obujulile, obunoshukela kanye nokufudumala.
Ukuhlobana kuka-Hou Po kuyingxenye ye-Earth and Metal lapho ukufudumala okubabayo kusebenza kakhulu ukwehlisa i-Qi kanye nomswakama owomile. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo, isetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwamaShayina ukukhulula ukumila kanye nokunqwabelana emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kanye nokukhwehlela nokuphefumula ngenxa yephlegm evimbela amaphaphu.
I-Magnolia Officinials isihlahla esivuthuluka esitholakala ezintabeni nasezigodini zaseSichuan, eHubei nakwezinye izifundazwe zaseChina. Amagxolo anephunga elimnandi asetshenziswa emithini yendabuko yamaShayina asuswa eziqwini, amagatsha kanye nezimpande Aqoqwe ngo-April kuya kuJuni. Igxolo eliwugqinsi, elibushelelezi, elisinda ngamafutha, linombala onsomi ohlangothini olungaphakathi olunocwebe olucwebezelayo.
Abasebenzi bangase bacabange ukuhlanganisa i-Hou Po namafutha abalulekile e-Qing Pi njengenothi eliphezulu lokuncoma ezixutshweni ezihloselwe ukuhlukanisa ukunqwabelana.
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I-OEM Custom Package Natural Macrocephalae Rhizoma oil
Njenge-ejenti ye-chemotherapeutic ephumelelayo, i-5-fluorouracil (5-FU) isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni izimila eziyingozi emgudwini wamathumbu, ikhanda, intamo, isifuba, nesibeletho. Futhi i-5-FU umuthi womugqa wokuqala womdlavuza we-colorectal emtholampilo. Indlela yokusebenza ye-5-FU ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-uracil nucleic acid ibe yi-thymine nucleic acid kumaseli e-tumor, bese ithinta ukuhlanganiswa nokulungiswa kwe-DNA ne-RNA ukufeza umphumela wayo we-cytotoxic (Afzal et al., 2009; Ducreux et. al., 2015; Longley et al., 2003). Kodwa-ke, i-5-FU iphinde ikhiqize isifo sohudo esibangelwa ngamakhemikhali (CID), enye yezindlela ezimbi ezivame kakhulu ezihlupha iziguli eziningi (Filho et al., 2016). Isigameko sohudo ezigulini eziphathwe nge-5-FU safika ku-50% -80%, okwathinta kakhulu inqubekelaphambili nokusebenza kwe-chemotherapy (Iacovelli et al., 2014; Rosenoff et al., 2006). Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola ukwelashwa okusebenzayo kwe-CID eyenziwe yi-5-FU.
Njengamanje, ukungenelela okungezona izidakamizwa kanye nokungenelela kwezidakamizwa kuye kwangeniswa ekwelashweni komtholampilo kwe-CID. Ukungenelela okungezona izidakamizwa kufaka phakathi ukudla okulungile, nokwengeza ngosawoti, ushukela nezinye izakhamzimba. Izidakamizwa ezifana ne-loperamide ne-octreotide zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni okulwa nesifo sohudo kwe-CID (Benson et al., 2004). Ukwengeza, ama-ethnomedicines nawo ayamukelwa ukwelapha i-CID ngokwelashwa kwawo okuhlukile emazweni ahlukahlukene. Umuthi wendabuko waseShayina (TCM) ungomunye we-ethnomedicine ojwayelekile osewenziwe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000 emazweni aseMpumalanga Asia ahlanganisa i-China, Japan kanye neKorea (Qi et al., 2010). I-TCM ithi izidakamizwa ze-chemotherapeutic zingabangela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Qi, ukuntula ubende, ukungezwani kwesisu kanye nomswakama we-endophytic, okuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwamathumbu. Kuthiyori ye-TCM, isu lokwelapha le-CID kufanele lincike ikakhulukazi ekwengezeni i-Qi nokuqinisa ubende (Wang et al., 1994).
Izimpande ezomisiwe zeI-Atractylodes macrocephalaKoidz. (AM) kanyeI-Panax ginsengCA Mey. (PG) imithi yendabuko ejwayelekile ku-TCM enemiphumela efanayo yokwengeza i-Qi nokuqinisa ubende (Li et al., 2014). I-AM ne-PG ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengepheya yamakhambi (uhlobo olulula lokuhambisana namakhambi aseShayina) nemiphumela yokwengeza i-Qi kanye nokuqinisa ubende ukwelapha isifo sohudo. Isibonelo, i-AM ne-PG zabhalwa kumafomula asendulo okulwa nesifo sohudo njenge-Shen Ling Bai Zhu San, Si Jun Zi Tang evela.Taiping Huimin Heji Ju Fang(Uzalo Lwengoma, China) kanye noBu Zhong Yi Qi Tang abavelaUPi Wei Lun(Ubukhosi bakwaYuan, China) (Umdwebo 1). Ucwaningo oluningi lwangaphambilini lwalubike ukuthi wonke la mafomula amathathu anamandla okunciphisa i-CID (Bai et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Gou et al., 2016). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi iShenzhu Capsule equkethe kuphela i-AM ne-PG inemiphumela engaba khona ekwelapheni isifo sohudo, i-colitis (xiexie syndrome), nezinye izifo zesisu (Feng et al., 2018). Kodwa-ke, alukho ucwaningo oluxoxile ngomthelela nendlela ye-AM ne-PG ekwelapheni i-CID, kungaba yinhlanganisela noma yodwa.
Manje i-gut microbiota ithathwa njengento engaba yisici ekuqondeni indlela yokwelapha ye-TCM (Feng et al., 2019). Ucwaningo lwesimanje lukhombisa ukuthi i-gut microbiota idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis yamathumbu. I-Healthy gut microbiota inomthelela ekuvikelweni kwe-mucosal yamathumbu, i-metabolism, i-immune homeostasis kanye nokuphendula, kanye nokucindezelwa kwe-pathogen (Thursby noJuge, 2017; Pickard et al., 2017). I-microbiota ye-gut ephazamisekile ikhubaza imisebenzi yomzimba kanye neyomzimba womuntu ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, idala ukusabela okusemaceleni okufana nesifo sohudo (Patel et al., 2016; Zhao noShen, 2010). Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi i-5-FU yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukwakheka kwe-gut microbiota kumagundane ohudo (Li et al., 2017). Ngakho-ke, imiphumela ye-AM ne-PM kuhudo olubangelwa yi-5-FU ingase ixoxwe yi-gut microbiota. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi i-AM ne-PG iyodwa futhi ihlangene ingavimbela isifo sohudo esibangelwa yi-5-FU ngokushintsha i-gut microbiota akwaziwa.
Ukuze kuphenywe imiphumela elwa nesifo sohudo kanye nendlela eyisisekelo ye-AM ne-PG, sisebenzise i-5-FU ukuze silingise imodeli yohudo kumagundane. Lapha, sigxile emiphumeleni engaba khona yokuphatha okukodwa nokuhlanganisiwe (AP) yeI-Atractylodes macrocephalaamafutha abalulekile (AMO) kanyeI-Panax ginsengisamba sama-saponins (PGS), izingxenye ezisebenzayo ngokulandelana ezikhishwe ku-AM ne-PG, kuhudo, ukugula kwamathumbu kanye nesakhiwo se-microbial ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwe-5-FU.
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100% Amafutha Emvelo Ahlanzekile Eucommiae Foliuml Abalulekile Okunakekelwa Kwesikhumba
I-Eucommia ulmoides(EU) (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “Du Zhong” ngolimi lwesiShayina) ingeyomndeni wakwa-Eucommiaceae, uhlobo lwesihlahla esincane esidabuka e-Central China [1]. Lesi sitshalo silinywa kabanzi eShayina ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso kwezokwelapha. Cishe izinhlanganisela ze-112 ziye zahlukaniswa ku-EU ezihlanganisa ama-lignans, ama-iridoid, ama-phenolic, ama-steroids, nezinye izinhlanganisela. Ifomula yamakhambi ahambisanayo yalesi sitshalo (njengetiye elimnandi) ibonise izici ezithile zokwelapha. Iqabunga le-EU linomsebenzi ophezulu ohlobene ne-cortex, imbali, nezithelo [2,3]. Kubikwa ukuthi amaqabunga e-EU athuthukisa amandla amathambo nemisipha yomzimba [4], ngaleyo ndlela kuholela ekuphileni isikhathi eside nasekukhuthazeni ukuzala kubantu [5]. Ifomula yetiye elimnandi elenziwe ngeqabunga le-EU kubikwa ukuthi linciphisa ukukhuluphala futhi lithuthukise i-metabolism yamandla. Izithako ze-Flavonoid (ezifana ne-rutin, i-chlorogenic acid, i-ferulic acid, ne-caffeic acid) kubikwe ukuthi zibonisa umsebenzi wama-antioxidants emaqabunga e-EU [6].
Nakuba kube nezincwadi ezanele mayelana nezakhiwo ze-phytochemical ze-EU, zimbalwa izifundo ezikhona mayelana nezakhiwo zekhemisi zezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezikhishwe kumagxolo, imbewu, iziqu, namaqabunga e-EU. Leli phepha lokubuyekeza lizocacisa ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nenhlanganisela ehlukene ekhishwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene (amagxolo, imbewu, isiqu, neqabunga) le-EU kanye nokungase kusetshenziswe lezi zinhlanganisela ezindaweni ezikhuthaza impilo ngemigqa yobufakazi besayensi futhi ngaleyo ndlela inikeze izinto ezibhekisela kuzo. ukuze kusetshenziswe i-EU.
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Amafutha Emvelo Ahlanzekile e-Houttuynia cordata e-Houttuynia Cordata Amafutha e-Lchthamolum
Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, u-70-95% wabantu uthembele emithini yendabuko ukuze uthole ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuyisisekelo futhi kulawa ama-85% abantu basebenzisa izitshalo noma izithako zazo njengento esebenzayo.[1] Ukuseshwa kwezinhlanganisela ezintsha ezisebenza ngebhayoloji ezitshalweni kuvame ukuncika olwazini oluthile lobuzwe nolwazi lwesintu olutholwe kubasebenzi bendawo futhi lusathathwa njengomthombo obalulekile wokutholwa kwezidakamizwa. E-India, cishe izidakamizwa ezi-2000 ziyizitshalo.2] Ngenxa yentshisekelo esabalele ekusebenziseni izitshalo zokwelapha, ukubuyekezwa kwamanje kuI-Houttuynia cordataThunb. inikeza ulwazi lwakamuva mayelana nezifundo zezitshalo, ezohwebo, ze-ethnopharmacological, phytochemical kanye ne-pharmacological ezivela ezincwadini.H. cordataThunb. okomndeniI-Saururaceaefuthi ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi Chinese lizard umsila. Isitshalo esingapheli esine-stoloniferous rhizome enama-chemotypes amabili ahlukene.3,4] I-chemotype yamaShayina yalolu hlobo itholakala ezindaweni zasendle kanye nengxenye yasendle eNyakatho-Mpumalanga ye-India kusukela ngo-April kuya ku-September.[5,6,7]H. cordataitholakala eNdiya, ikakhulukazi e-Brahmaputra esigodini sase-Assam futhi isetshenziswa izizwe ezihlukahlukene zase-Assam ngendlela yemifino kanye nezinjongo zokwelapha ezihlukahlukene ngokwesiko.
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100% Umkhiqizi kawoyela we-PureArctium lappa - uwoyela we-lappa we-Lime wemvelo we-Arctium onezitifiketi zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi
Izinzuzo Zezempilo
Izimpande ze-Burdock zivame ukudliwa, nokho, zingaphinda zomiswe futhi zicwiliswe etiyeni. Isebenza kahle njengomthombo we-inulin, ai-prebiotici-fiber esiza ukugaya futhi ithuthukise impilo yamathumbu. Ukwengeza, le mpande iqukethe ama-flavonoids (izakhi zezitshalo),amakhemikhali e-phytochemicals, nama-antioxidants aziwa ukuthi anezinzuzo zezempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impande ye-burdock inganikeza ezinye izinzuzo ezifana:
Yehlisa Ukuvuvukala Okungapheli Impande ye-Burdock iqukethe inani lama-antioxidants, njenge-quercetin, i-phenolic acid, ne-luteolin, engasiza ukuvikela amangqamuzana akho kusuka.ama-radicals mahhala. Lawa ma-antioxidants asiza ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala emzimbeni wonke.
Izingozi Zezempilo
Impande ye-Burdock ibhekwa njengephephile ukuyidla noma ukuyiphuza njengetiye. Kodwa-ke, lesi sitshalo sifana kakhulu nezitshalo ze-belladonna nightshade, ezinobuthi. Kunconywa ukuthi uthenge kuphela impande ye-burdock kubathengisi abathembekile futhi uyeke ukuyiqoqa ngokwakho. Ukwengeza, kunolwazi oluncane ngemiphumela yalo ezinganeni noma kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa impande ye-burdock nezingane noma uma ukhulelwe.
Nazi ezinye izingozi zempilo ezingase zicatshangelwe uma usebenzisa impande ye-burdock:
Ukwenyuka Ukuphelelwa Amanzi
Izimpande ze-Burdock zisebenza njenge-diuretic yemvelo, engaholela ekuphelelweni kwamanzi emzimbeni. Uma uthatha amaphilisi amanzi noma amanye ama-diuretics, akufanele uthathe impande ye-burdock. Uma uthatha le mithi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ezinye izidakamizwa, amakhambi, nezithako ezingase ziholele ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni.
Ukusabela Kwe-allergic
Uma uzwela noma unomlando wokungezwani ne-daisies, i-ragweed, noma i-chrysanthemums, usengozini eyengeziwe yokungezwani nempande ye-burdock.
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Intengo yesamba sezitolo ezinkulu 100% Pure AsariRadix Et Rhizoma oil Relax Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus
Ucwaningo lwezilwane kanye ne-in vitro luphenye imiphumela engaba khona ye-antifungal, anti-inflammatory, ne-cardiovascular of sassafras kanye nezingxenye zayo. Kodwa-ke, izivivinyo zemitholampilo ziyashoda, futhi ama-sassafra awabhekwa njengephephile ukuthi asetshenziswe. I-Safrole, ingxenye eyinhloko yamagxolo ezimpande ze-sassafras namafutha, ivinjelwe yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa njengesinongo noma iphunga elimnandi, futhi akufanele isetshenziswe ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, njengoba inamandla e-carcinogenic. I-Safrole isetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni okungekho emthethweni kwe-3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), eyaziwa namagama emigwaqo "ecstasy" noma "Molly," futhi ukudayiswa kwamafutha e-safrole kanye ne-sassafras kulawulwa yi-US Drug Enforcement Administration.
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Intengo yesamba sezitolo ezinkulu 100% Amafutha abalulekile e-Stellariae Radix (okusha) Relax Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus
I-Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) idinga ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-methanol kwe-YCH akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-20.0% [2], ngaphandle kwezinye izinkomba zokuhlola ikhwalithi ezishiwo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezingcaphuno ze-methanol zasendle namasampula atshaliwe kokubili kuhlangabezana nezinga le-pharmacopoeia, futhi awukho umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwazo. Ngakho-ke, wawungekho umehluko wekhwalithi obonakalayo phakathi kwamasampula asendle natshaliwe, ngokwaleyo nkomba. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwama-sterols aphelele kanye nama-flavonoid aphelele kumasampuli asendle ayephakeme kakhulu kunalawo asemasampula atshaliwe. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwe-metabolomic kwembula ukuhlukahluka okuningi kwe-metabolite phakathi kwamasampula asendle natshaliwe. Ukwengeza, kuhlolwe ama-metabolites angama-97 ahluke kakhulu, abhalwe ohlwiniIthebula Lokwengeza S2. Phakathi kwalawa ma-metabolite ahluke kakhulu kukhona i-β-sitosterol (ID i-M397T42) kanye nokuphuma kwe-quercetin (M447T204_2), okuye kwabikwa njengezithako ezisebenzayo. Izingxenye ebezingabikwanga ngaphambilini, njenge-trigonelline (M138T291_2), i-betaine (M118T277_2), i-fustin (M269T36), i-rotenone (M241T189), i-arctiin (M557T165) kanye ne-loganic acid (M399T284) eyahlukene, ifakiwe phakathi kwe-metaboli_ehlukile. Lezi zingxenye zidlala izindima ezihlukene ekulweni ne-oxidation, ukulwa nokuvuvukala, ukuqeda ama-radicals mahhala, ukulwa nomdlavuza kanye nokwelapha isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, ngakho-ke, zingakha izinto ezinoveli ezisebenzayo ku-YCH. Okuqukethwe kwezithako ezisebenzayo kunquma ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [7]. Kafushane, ukukhishwa kwe-methanol njengokuwukuphela kwenkomba yokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-YCH kunemikhawulo ethile, futhi izimpawu zekhwalithi ezicaciswe kakhulu zidinga ukuqhutshekwa zihlolwe. Kube nomehluko obalulekile kuma-sterols aphelele, ama-flavonoid aphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanye ama-metabolites amaningi ahlukene phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle kanye ne-YCH etshaliwe; ngakho-ke, bekukhona umehluko othile wekhwalithi phakathi kwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithako ezisebenzayo ezisanda kutholwa ku-YCH zingase zibe nenani elibalulekile lesithenjwa socwaningo lwesisekelo sokusebenza se-YCH kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsiza ze-YCH.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto zokwelapha zangempela sekuyisikhathi eside kwaqashelwa endaweni ethile lapho kuvela khona ukukhiqizwa kwemithi ye-herbal yamaShayina yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu [8]. Izinga eliphezulu liyisibaluli esibalulekile sezinto zokwelapha zangempela, futhi indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto ezinjalo. Selokhu i-YCH yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi, sekunesikhathi eside ibuswa yi-YCH yasendle. Kulandela ukwethulwa ngempumelelo kanye nokufuywa kwe-YCH e-Ningxia ngawo-1980, umthombo wezinto zokwelapha i-Yinchaihu kancane kancane wasuka endle waya ku-YCH etshaliwe. Ngokophenyo lwangaphambilini ngemithombo ye-YCH [9] kanye nophenyo lwenkundla lweqembu lethu locwaningo, kunomehluko omkhulu ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zezinto zokwelapha ezitshalwayo nezilinywayo. I-YCH yasendle isatshalaliswa kakhulu ku-Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region esifundazweni sase-Shaanxi, eduze nendawo eyomile ye-Inner Mongolia kanye ne-Ningxia emaphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, indawo ewugwadule kulezi zindawo iyindawo efanelekile kakhulu yokukhula kwe-YCH. Ngokuphambene, i-YCH etshaliwe isatshalaliswa kakhulu eningizimu yendawo yasendle, njenge-Tongxin County (Cultivated I) kanye nezindawo ezizungezile, osekuyisizinda esikhulu sokulima nokukhiqiza eChina, kanye neSifunda sasePengyang (Esilinyiwe II) , esendaweni eseningizimu futhi engenye indawo ekhiqizayo i-YCH elinywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlala zalezi zindawo ezimbili ezingenhla ezitshaliwe aziwona amaqele asogwadule. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwendlela yokukhiqiza, kukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu endaweni yokuhlala yasendle kanye ne-YCH etshaliwe. Indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha ngamakhambi. Izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene zizothinta ukwakheka nokuqoqwa kwama-metabolite esibili ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte izinga lemikhiqizo yokwelapha [10,11]. Ngakho-ke, umehluko ophawulekayo kokuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid isiyonke kanye nama-sterols aphelele kanye nokuvezwa kwama-metabolites angu-53 esiwatholile kulolu cwaningo kungase kube umphumela wokuphathwa kwensimu kanye nokwehluka kwendawo yokuhlala.Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko indawo ezungezile ethonya ngayo izinga lezinto zokwelapha iwukuba icindezele izitshalo eziwumthombo. Ukucindezeleka kwemvelo okusesilinganisweni kuvame ukukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwama-metabolites esibili [12,13]. I-hypothesis yebhalansi yokukhula/umehluko ithi, lapho imisoco itholakala ngokwanele, izitshalo zikhula ngokuyinhloko, kanti lapho imisoco ishoda, izitshalo zihlukanisa kakhulu futhi zikhiqize ama-metabolites esibili [14]. Ingcindezi yesomiso ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi ingcindezi enkulu yemvelo izitshalo ezindaweni ezomile. Kulolu cwaningo, isimo samanzi se-YCH etshaliwe sikhulu kakhulu, namazinga emvula yonyaka aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo e-YCH yasendle (amanzi e-Cultivated I ayecishe aphindwe izikhathi ezi-2 kune-Wild; I-cultivated II yayiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3.5 kune-Wild. ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi endaweni yasendle iyinhlabathi eyisihlabathi, kodwa inhlabathi yasemapulazini iyinhlabathi yobumba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobumba, inhlabathi enesihlabathi ayinawo amandla okugcina amanzi futhi kungenzeka ibhebhethekise ingcindezi yesomiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokulima yayivame ukuhambisana nokunisela, ngakho izinga lokucindezeleka kwesomiso laliphansi. I-Wild YCH ikhula ezindaweni zemvelo ezinogwadule, ngakho-ke ingase ibhekane nengcindezi yesomiso.I-Osmoregulation iyindlela ebalulekile yokuphila lapho izitshalo zibhekana nengcindezi yesomiso, futhi ama-alkaloid abalulekile abalawuli be-osmotic ezitshalweni eziphakeme.15]. Ama-Betaine angama-alkaloid quaternary ammonium compounds ancibilika emanzini futhi angasebenza njengama-osmoprotectants. Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kunganciphisa amandla e-osmotic amangqamuzana, kuyilapho ama-osmoprotectants egcina futhi egcina ukwakheka nobuqotho be-biological macromolecules, futhi adambise ngempumelelo umonakalo obangelwa ukucindezeleka kwesomiso ezitshalweni [16]. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, okuqukethwe kwe-betaine ye-sugar beet ne-Lycium barbarum kukhuphuke kakhulu [17,18]. I-Trigonelline iyisilawuli sokukhula kwamangqamuzana, futhi ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, inganweba ubude bomjikelezo wamaseli esitshalo, ivimbele ukukhula kwamangqamuzana futhi iholele ekuncipheni kwevolumu yamaseli. Ukwenyuka okuhlobene kokugxila kwe-solute kuseli kwenza isitshalo sifinyelele ukulawulwa kwe-osmotic futhi sithuthukise ikhono laso lokumelana nengcindezi yesomiso [19]. I-JIA X [20] bathola ukuthi, ngokwanda kwengcindezi yesomiso, i-Astragalus membranaceus (umthombo womuthi wendabuko waseShayina) yakhiqiza i-trigonelline eyengeziwe, esebenza ukulawula amandla e-osmotic futhi ithuthukise ikhono lokumelana nengcindezi yesomiso. Ama-Flavonoid nawo aboniswe ukuthi adlala indima ebalulekile ekumelaneni nezitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwesomiso [21,22]. Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso okulinganiselwe kwakuhambisana nokuqoqwa kwama-flavonoid. U-Lang Duo-Yong et al. [23] uqhathanise imiphumela yengcindezi yesomiso ku-YCH ngokulawula umthamo wokubamba amanzi endaweni. Kutholakale ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kuvimbele ukukhula kwezimpande ngezinga elithile, kodwa ekucindezelekeni okulinganiselwe futhi okunzima kwesomiso (umthamo we-40% wensimu yokubamba amanzi), inani eliphelele le-flavonoid ku-YCH lenyuka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, ama-phytosterols angasebenza ukuze alawule uketshezi lwe-cell membrane kanye nokuqina, avimbele ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi futhi athuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka [24,25]. Ngakho-ke, ukunqwabelana okukhulayo kwengqikithi ye-flavonoid, ingqikithi yama-sterol, i-betaine, i-trigonelline namanye ama-metabolite esibili e-YCH yasendle kungase kuhlotshaniswe nengcindezi yesomiso esinamandla kakhulu.Kulolu cwaningo, ukuhlaziywa kwendlela ye-KEGG yokunothisa kwenziwa kuma-metabolites atholakale ehluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle netshaliwe. Ama-metabolites acebile ahlanganisa lawo abandakanyeka ezindleleni ze-ascorbate ne-aldarate metabolism, i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, i-histidine metabolism kanye ne-beta-alanine metabolism. Lezi zindlela ze-metabolic zihlobene eduze nezindlela zokumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo. Phakathi kwazo, i-ascorbate metabolism idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni isitshalo se-antioxidant, i-carbon ne-nitrogen metabolism, ukumelana nokucindezeleka neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.26]; i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis iyindlela ebalulekile yokwakheka kwamaprotheni [27,28], ehilelekile ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni amelana nokucindezeleka. Zombili izindlela ze-histidine ne-β-alanine zingathuthukisa ukubekezelela izitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwemvelo [29,30]. Lokhu kuqhubeke kukhombisa ukuthi umehluko wama-metabolites phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle netshaliwe wawuhlobene eduze nezinqubo zokumelana nokucindezeleka.Umhlabathi uyisisekelo esibonakalayo sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha. I-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P) kanye ne-potassium (K) enhlabathini yizakhi ezibalulekile zokukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo. I-Soil organic matter nayo iqukethe i-N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg nezinye izinto ezinkulu kanye nezakhi zokulandelela ezidingekayo ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Umsoco oweqile noma ontula, noma izilinganiso zomsoco ezingalingani, zizothinta ukukhula nokuthuthuka kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha, futhi izitshalo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zomsoco [31,32,33]. Isibonelo, ukucindezeleka kwe-N okuphansi kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwama-alkaloid ku-Isatis indigotica, futhi kwaba nenzuzo ekuqongeleleni ama-flavonoid ezitshalweni ezifana ne-Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, i-Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge kanye ne-Dichondra repens Forst. Ngokuphambene, i-N eningi ivimbele ukunqwabelana kwama-flavonoid ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana ne-Erigeron breviscapus, i-Abrus canntoniensis ne-Ginkgo biloba, futhi yathinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [34]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kwaphumelela ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwe-glycyrrhizic acid ne-dihydroacetone ku-Ural licorice [35]. Lapho inani lesicelo lidlula u-0·12 kg·m−2, inani eliphelele le-flavonoid e-Tussilago farfara lehla [36]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kube nomthelela omubi kokuqukethwe kwama-polysaccharides emithini yendabuko yamaShayina i-rhizoma polygonati [37], kodwa umanyolo we-K waphumelela ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwawo ama-saponins [38]. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo ongu-450 kg·hm−2 K bekungcono kakhulu ekukhuleni nasekuqongeleleni i-saponin ye-Panax notoginseng eneminyaka emibili ubudala [39]. Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-N:P:K = 2:2:1, inani eliphelele le-hydrothermal extract, i-harpagide ne-harpagoside bekuphakeme kakhulu [40]. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-N, P kanye no-K sasizuzisa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-Pogostemon cablin nokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamafutha aguquguqukayo. Isilinganiso esiphansi se-N, P kanye no-K sandise okuqukethwe kwezingxenye eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo ze-Pogostemon cablin stem oil leaf [41]. I-YCH iyisitshalo esibekezelela inhlabathi engenalutho, futhi ingase ibe nezidingo ezithile zomsoco ezifana ne-N, P kanye ne-K. Kulolu cwaningo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-YCH etshaliwe, inhlabathi yezitshalo zasendle i-YCH yayingenalutho: okuqukethwe kwenhlabathi. wezinto eziphilayo, isamba esingu-N, isamba esingu-P kanye nengqikithi engu-K yayicishe ibe yi-1/10, 1/2, 1/3 kanye ne-1/3 yalezo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, umehluko wezakhi zomhlabathi kungase kube esinye isizathu somehluko phakathi kwama-metabolites atholakala ku-YCH etshaliwe nesendle. U-Weibao Ma et al. [42] bathole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenani elithile likamanyolo we-N kanye nomanyolo we-P kuthuthukisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yembewu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wezakhi zomsoco kwikhwalithi ye-YCH awucacile, futhi izinyathelo zokuvundisa zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha zidinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe.Imithi yamakhambi yaseShayina inezici zokuthi “Izindawo ezihlala kahle zikhuthaza isivuno, futhi izindawo ezingafaneleki zithuthukisa izinga” [43]. Enqubweni yokushintsha kancane kancane ukusuka endle kuya e-YCH etshaliwe, indawo yezitshalo yashintsha isuka endaweni ewugwadule ewugwadule eya endaweni evundile enamanzi amaningi. Indawo yokuhlala ye-YCH etshaliwe iphakeme futhi isivuno siphezulu, okuwusizo ukuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo ephakeme kakhulu yaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kuma-metabolites e-YCH; ukuthi lokhu kuyasiza yini ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi ye-YCH kanye nendlela yokuzuza ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ye-YCH ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokutshala ezisekelwe kwisayensi kuzodinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.Ukulinywa kwemvelo okulingisa kuyindlela yokulingisa indawo yokuhlala kanye nezimo zemvelo zezitshalo zokwelapha zasendle, ngokusekelwe olwazini lokujwayela isikhathi eside kwezitshalo nezingcindezi ezithile zemvelo [43]. Ngokulingisa izici ezihlukahlukene zemvelo ezithinta izitshalo zasendle, ikakhulukazi indawo yokuqala yezitshalo ezisetshenziswa njengemithombo yezinto eziyiqiniso zokwelapha, le ndlela isebenzisa ukwakheka kwesayensi nokungenelela kwabantu okusha ukuze kulinganisele ukukhula kanye nokugayeka kokudla kwesibili kwezitshalo zokwelapha zaseShayina [43]. Izindlela zihlose ukufeza amalungiselelo alungile okuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwelapha ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukutshalwa kwemvelo okulingisayo kufanele kunikeze indlela ephumelelayo yokukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ye-YCH ngisho nalapho isisekelo se-pharmacodynamic, izimpawu zekhwalithi nezindlela zokuphendula ezicini zemvelo zingacacile. Ngakho-ke, siphakamisa ukuthi ukuklama kwesayensi kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha insimu ekulinyweni nasekukhiqizeni i-YCH kufanele kwenziwe ngokubhekisela ezicini zemvelo ze-YCH yasendle, njengezimo zenhlabathi eyomile, engenalutho kanye nesihlabathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuthenjwa futhi ukuthi abacwaningi bazokwenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngesisekelo sezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nezimpawu zekhwalithi ze-YCH. Lezi zifundo zingahlinzeka ngemibandela yokuhlola esebenza ngempumelelo ye-YCH, futhi zikhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nentuthuko esimeme yomkhakha. -
I-Herbal Fructus Amomi oil massage Natural Diffusers 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum Amafutha abalulekile
Umndeni we-Zingiberaceae udonse ukunaka okwandayo ocwaningweni lwe-alelopathic ngenxa yamafutha acebile aguquguqukayo kanye nephunga elimnandi lezinhlobo zamalungu awo. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi amakhemikhali avela ku-Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) [40], Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BLBurtt & RMSm. [41] kanye noZingiber officinale Rosc. [42] emndenini wejinja kunemiphumela ye-alelopathic ekukhuleni kwembewu nasekukhuleni kwezithombo zommbila, ulethisi notamatisi. Ucwaningo lwethu lwamanje umbiko wokuqala mayelana nomsebenzi we-alelopathic we-volatiles kusuka eziqwini, amaqabunga, nezithelo ezincane ze-A. villosum (ilungu lomndeni we-Zingiberaceae). Isivuno sikawoyela seziqu, amaqabunga, nezithelo ezincane kwaba ngu-0.15%, 0.40%, no-0.50%, ngokulandelana, okubonisa ukuthi izithelo zikhiqize inani elikhulu lamafutha aguquguqukayo kuneziqu namaqabunga. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zamafutha aguquguqukayo avela eziqwini kwakuyi-β-pinene, β-phellandrene kanye ne-α-pinene, okwakuyiphethini efana naleyo yamakhemikhali amakhulu amafutha eqabunga, i-β-pinene ne-α-pinene (ama-monoterpene hydrocarbons). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amafutha asezithelweni ezincane ayecebile ku-bornyl acetate kanye ne-camphor (oxygenated monoterpenes). Imiphumela yasekelwa okutholwe yi-Do N Dai [30,32] kanye no-Hui Ao [31] owayehlonze amafutha avela ezithweni ezihlukahlukene ze-A. villosum.
Kube nemibiko eminingana mayelana nemisebenzi evimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo yalezi zinhlanganisela eziyinhloko kwezinye izinhlobo. UShalinder Kaur uthole ukuthi i-α-pinene evela kugamthilini icindezele ngokugqamile ubude bempande kanye nobude behlumela be-Amaranthus viridis L. ku-1.0 μL43], nolunye ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi i-α-pinene ivimbele ukukhula kwezimpande ekuqaleni futhi yabangela ukulimala kwe-oxidative ezicutshini zezimpande ngokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo [44]. Eminye imibiko ithi i-β-pinene ivimbele ukuhluma kanye nokukhula kwezithombo zokhula oluhlolwayo ngendlela yokusabela encike kumthamo ngokuphazamisa ubuqotho be-membrane [45], ishintsha i-biochemistry yezitshalo futhi ithuthukise imisebenzi ye-peroxidase ne-polyphenol oxidase [46]. I-β-Phellandrene ibonise ukuvinjelwa okukhulu ekuhlumeni nasekukhuleni kwe-Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp ekuhlanganiseni kuka-600 ppm [47], kuyilapho, ekuhlanganiseni okungu-250 mg/m3, i-camphor yacindezela i-radicle nokukhula kwehlumela le-Lepidium sativum L. [48]. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olubika umphumela we-alelopathic we-bornyl acetate mncane. Ocwaningweni lwethu, imiphumela ye-alelopathic ye-β-pinene, i-bornyl acetate kanye ne-camphor kubude bezimpande yayibuthakathaka kunamafutha aguquguqukayo ngaphandle kwe-α-pinene, kuyilapho uwoyela weqabunga, ocebile nge-α-pinene, nawo wawuyingozi kakhulu kune-voltage ehambisanayo. amafutha avela eziqwini nezithelo ze-A. villosum, kokubili okutholakele okubonisa ukuthi i-α-pinene ingase ibe ikhemikhali ebalulekile ye-alelopathy yalolu hlobo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphumela iphinde yasho ukuthi ezinye izinhlanganisela kuwoyela wezithelo ebezingeningi zingase zibe nomthelela ekukhiqizeni umphumela we-phytotoxic, okutholakele okudinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, umphumela we-alelopathic we-alelochemicals uncike kuhlobo oluthile. Jiang et al. ithole ukuthi uwoyela obalulekile okhiqizwe i-Artemisia sieversiana wenza umphumela onamandla kakhulu ku-Amaranthus retroflexus L. kunaku-Medicago sativa L., Poa annua L., kanye ne-Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. [49]. Kolunye ucwaningo, amafutha aguquguqukayo eLavandula angustifolia Mill. ikhiqize amazinga ahlukene emiphumela ye-phytotoxic ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezitshalo. I-Lolium multiflorum. kwakuwuhlobo olwamukelekayo oluzwela kakhulu, i-hypocotyl kanye nokukhula kwe-radicle kuvinjwe ngo-87.8% no-76.7%, ngokulandelana, ngethamo likawoyela ongu-1 μL/mL, kodwa ukukhula kwe-hypocotyl kwezithombo zekhukhamba akuzange kuthinteke [20]. Imiphumela yethu iphinde yabonisa ukuthi kunomehluko ekuzweleni kwe-A. villosum volatiles phakathi kwe-L. sativa ne-L. perenne.Izinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo kanye namafutha abalulekile ohlobo olufanayo angahluka ngokomthamo kanye/noma ngekhwalithi ngenxa yezimo zokukhula, izingxenye zezitshalo nezindlela zokubona. Isibonelo, umbiko ubonise ukuthi i-pyranoid (i-10.3%) ne-β-caryophyllene (6.6%) yayiyizinhlanganisela ezinkulu ze-volatile ezikhishwa emaqabunga e-Sambucus nigra, kanti benzaldehyde (17.8%), α-bulnesene (16.6%) kanye ne-tetracosane (11.5%) ayemaningi emafutheni akhishwa emaqabunga [50]. Esifundweni sethu, izinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo ezikhishwe yizinto ezintsha zezitshalo zinemiphumela enamandla ye-alelopathic ezitshalweni zokuhlola kunamafutha ashubile akhishwe, umehluko ekuphenduleni uhlobene eduze nokuhluka kwamakhemikhali e-alllopathic akhona kumalungiselelo amabili. Umehluko oqondile phakathi kwezinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo namafutha udinga ukuqhubeka uphenywa ezivivinyweni ezilandelayo.Umehluko ezinhlobonhlobo ze-microbial kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi we-microbial kumasampula enhlabathi lapho amafutha aguquguqukayo ayengeziwe ayehlobene nokuncintisana phakathi kwezilwanyana ezincane kanye nanoma yimiphi imiphumela enobuthi kanye nobude besikhathi samafutha aguquguqukayo emhlabathini. I-Vokou ne-Liotiri [51] bathole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwamafutha amane abalulekile (0.1 mL) enhlabathini etshaliwe (150 g) okwenziwa kusebenze ukuphefumula kwamasampula omhlabathi, ngisho namafutha ayehluka ekwakhekeni kwawo kwamakhemikhali, okuphakamisa ukuthi amafutha ezitshalo asetshenziswa njengomthombo wekhabhoni namandla kwenzeka ama-microorganisms enhlabathini. Idatha etholwe ocwaningweni lwamanje iqinisekisile ukuthi amafutha avela kuso sonke isitshalo se-A. villosum abe nomthelela ekwandeni okusobala kwenani lezinhlobo zesikhunta senhlabathi ngosuku lwe-14 ngemuva kokwengezwa kwamafutha, okubonisa ukuthi uwoyela unganikeza umthombo wekhabhoni ukuze uthole okwengeziwe. isikhunta senhlabathi. Olunye ucwaningo lubike okutholakele: ama-microorganisms enhlabathini aphinde athola umsebenzi wawo wokuqala kanye ne-biomass ngemva kwenkathi yesikhashana yokuhlukahluka okudalwe ukungezwa kwamafutha e-Thymbra capitata L. (Cav), kodwa amafutha ngethamo eliphakeme kakhulu (0.93 µL kawoyela ngegremu yenhlabathi) akazange avumele ama-microorganisms enhlabathini ukuthi abuyisele ukusebenza kokuqala [52]. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, olusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-microbiological yomhlabathi ngemva kokwelashwa ngezinsuku ezihlukene nokugxila, siqagele ukuthi umphakathi wamagciwane omhlaba uzolulama ngemva kwezinsuku ezengeziwe. Ngokuphambene, i-fungal microbiota ayikwazi ukubuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala. Imiphumela elandelayo iqinisekisa le nkolelo-mbono: umphumela ohlukile wokugxila okuphezulu kwamafutha ekwakhiweni kwe-fungal microbiome yenhlabathi wembulwa ukuhlaziya okuyinhloko kwama-co-ordinates (PCoA), kanye nezethulo zemephu yokushisa ziphinde zaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka komphakathi wesikhunta enhlabathini. iphathwe ngamafutha angu-3.0 mg/mL (okungukuthi 0.375 mg kawoyela ngegram yenhlabathi) ezingeni lohlobo lwehluke kakhulu kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Njengamanje, ucwaningo mayelana nemiphumela yokwengezwa kwama-monoterpene hydrocarbons noma ama-monoterpenes ane-oxygenated ezinhlobonhlobo ze-microbial yomhlabathi kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi sisashoda. Ucwaningo olumbalwa lubike ukuthi i-α-pinene yandisa ukusebenza kwamagciwane enhlabathini kanye nobuningi obuhlobene be-Methylophilaceae (iqembu lama-methylotrophs, i-Proteobacteria) ngaphansi komswakama ophansi, edlala indima ebalulekile njengomthombo wekhabhoni emhlabathini owomile [53]. Ngokufanayo, amafutha aguquguqukayo esitshalo sonke se-A. villosum, aqukethe u-15.03% α-pinene (Ithebula Lokwengeza S1), ngokusobala kwandisa ubuningi obuhlobene be-Proteobacteria ku-1.5 mg/mL kanye no-3.0 mg/mL, okuphakamise ukuthi i-α-pinene ngokunokwenzeka isebenze njengenye yemithombo yekhabhoni yama-microorganisms enhlabathini.Izinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo ezikhiqizwe izitho ezihlukene ze-A. villosum zineziqu ezihlukene zemiphumela ye-alelopathic ku-L. sativa kanye ne-L. perenne, eyayihlobene eduze nezakhi zamakhemikhali i-A. villosum plant izingxenye eziqukethwe. Nakuba ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kawoyela aguquguqukayo kwaqinisekiswa, izinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo ezikhishwe i-A. villosum ekamelweni lokushisa awaziwa, okudinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela we-synergistic phakathi kwamakhemikhali e-alelochemicals nawo kufanele ucatshangelwe. Mayelana nama-microorganisms enhlabathini, ukuhlola umphumela wamafutha aguquguqukayo kuma-microorganisms enhlabathini ngokugcwele, sisadinga ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu: sandise isikhathi sokwelashwa samafutha aguquguqukayo kanye nokwehluka okubonakalayo ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali kawoyela aguquguqukayo emhlabathini. ngezinsuku ezahlukene. -
Amafutha ahlanzekile e-Artemisia capillaris ekhandlela nensipho enza i-wholesale diffuser uwoyela obalulekile ube masha emishini yokushisa umhlanga
Idizayini yemodeli yegundane
Izilwane zahlukaniswa ngokungahleliwe zaba amaqembu amahlanu amagundane ayishumi nanhlanu ngalinye. Iqembu elilawulayo kanye namagundane eqembu eliyimodeli aye agavaged ngawoamafutha e-sesameizinsuku ezingu-6. Amagundane eqembu elilawulayo afakwe amaphilisi e-bifendate (BT, 10 mg/kg) izinsuku ezingu-6. Amaqembu okuhlola aphathwe nge-100 mg/kg kanye ne-50 mg/kg AEO encibilikiswe emafutheni esisame izinsuku ezingu-6. Ngosuku lwe-6, iqembu lokulawula laphathwa ngamafutha e-sesame, futhi wonke amanye amaqembu aphathwa ngomthamo owodwa we-0.2% CCl4 kuwoyela wesesame (10 ml/kg)umjovo we-intraperitoneal. Amagundane abe esezila ukudla ngaphandle kwamanzi, futhi amasampula egazi aqoqwa emikhunjini ye-retrobulbar; igazi eliqoqiwe laliyi-centrifuged ku-3000 ×gimizuzu eyi-10 ukuhlukanisa i-serum.Ukukhishwa komlomo wesibelethokwenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwegazi, futhi amasampula esibindi akhishwa ngokushesha. Ingxenye eyodwa yesampula yesibindi yagcinwa ngokushesha ku-−20 °C kuze kube yilapho ihlaziywa, futhi enye ingxenye yasikwa futhi yalungiswa ngo-10%formalinisisombululo; izicubu ezisele zagcinwa ku-−80 °C ukuze kuhlaziywe i-histopathological (Wang et al., 2008,Hsu et al., 2009,Nie et al., 2015).
Ukulinganisa amapharamitha we-biochemical ku-serum
Ukulimala kwesibindi kwahlolwa ngokulinganisaimisebenzi enzymaticye-serum ALT kanye ne-AST kusetshenziswa amakhithi okuhweba ahambisanayo ngokuya ngemiyalelo yekhithi (Nanjing, Isifundazwe saseJiangsu, eChina). Imisebenzi ye-enzymatic yavezwa njengamayunithi ilitha ngalinye (U/l).
Ukukalwa kwe-MDA, SOD, GSH kanye ne-GSH-Pxkuma-homogenates esibindi
Izicubu zesibindi zenziwa i-homogenized ne-saline ye-physiological ebandayo ngesilinganiso esingu-1:9 (w/v, isibindi:saline). Ama-homogenates ayengama-centrifuged (2500 ×gimizuzu eyi-10) ukuqoqa amandla amakhulu ukuze uthole izinqumo ezilandelayo. Ukulimala kwesibindi kwahlolwa ngokwezilinganiso ze-hepatic ze-MDA kanye namazinga e-GSH kanye ne-SOD ne-GSH-Pximisebenzi. Konke lokhu kwanqunywa ngokulandela imiyalelo yekhithi (eNanjing, eSifundazweni saseJiangsu, eChina). Imiphumela ye-MDA ne-GSH yavezwa njenge-nmol nge-mg protein (nmol/mg prot), kanye nemisebenzi ye-SOD ne-GSH-Pxzavezwa njenge-U per mg protein (U/mg prot).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Histopathological
Izingxenye zesibindi ezisanda kutholwa zalungiswa ku-10% ogcinwe ku-bufferparaformaldehydeisixazululo se-phosphate. Isampula libe selishumekwa kupharafini, lisikwe libe izingxenye ezi-3-5 μm, ezigcotshwei-hematoxylinfuthieosin(H&E) ngokuya ngenqubo ejwayelekile, futhi ekugcineni ihlaziywe ngui-microscope elula(Tian et al., 2012).
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo
Imiphumela yavezwa njengokuchezuka okujwayelekile okungu-± (SD). Imiphumela yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezibalo lwe-SPSS Statistics, inguqulo 19.0. Idatha ibe ngaphansi kokuhlaziywa kokuhluka (ANOVA,p< 0.05) okulandelwa ukuhlolwa kuka-Dunnett kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-T3 kuka-Dunnett ukuze kutholwe umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kwamanani amaqembu okuhlola ahlukahlukene. Umehluko omkhulu ucatshangelwe ezingeni lep<0.05.
Imiphumela nengxoxo
Izingxenye ze-AEO
Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-GC/MS, i-AEO itholwe iqukethe izingxenye ze-25 ezikhishwe ku-10 kuya ku-35 min, futhi izakhi ze-21 ezibalelwa ku-84% wamafutha abalulekile zihlonziwe.Ithebula 1). Amafutha aguquguqukayo aqukethweama-monoterpenoids(80.9%), ama-sesquiterpenoids (9.5%), ama-hydrocarbons agcwele amagatsha (4.86%) kanye ne-miscellaneous acetylene (4.86%). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundo (Guo et al., 2004), sithole ama-monoterpenoids amaningi (80.90%) ku-AEO. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ingxenye egcwele kakhulu ye-AEO yi-β-citronellol (16.23%). Ezinye izingxenye ezinkulu ze-AEO zifaka i-1,8-cineole (13.9%),i-camphor(12.59%),linalool(11.33%), α-pinene (7.21%), β-pinene (3.99%),i-thymol(3.22%), kanyemyrcene(2.02%). Ukwehluka kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kungase kuhlobane nezimo zemvelo isitshalo esachayeka kuzo, njengamanzi amaminerali, ukukhanya kwelanga, isigaba sokukhula kanyeumsoco.
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Amafutha e-Saposhnikovia divaricata ahlanzekile ekhandlela nensipho enza i-wholesale diffuser uwoyela obalulekile omusha wama-diffuser okushisa umhlanga
2.1. Ukulungiswa kwe-SDE
Ama-rhizome e-SD athengwe njengekhambi elomisiwe kwa-Hanherb Co. (Guri, Korea). Izinto zokutshala ziqinisekiswe ngokwe-taxonomically nguDkt. Go-Ya Choi we-Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). Isampula yevawusha (inombolo 2014 SDE-6) yafakwa ku-Korean Herbarium of Standard Herbal Resources. Ama-rhizomes omisiwe e-SD (320 g) akhishwa kabili nge-ethanol engu-70% (ene-reflux engamahora angu-2) futhi ukukhishwa kwabe sekugxilwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe. I-decoction ihlungiwe, i-lyophilized, futhi igcinwe ku-4 ° C. Isivuno se-extract ezomisiwe ezisetshenziswa zokuqalisa ezingahluziwe kwaba ngu-48.13% (w/w).
2.2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Ukuhlaziywa kweChromatographic kwenziwa ngesistimu ye-HPLC (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) kanye nomtshina we-photodiode array. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-HPLC kwe-SDE, i-prim-O-izinga leglucosylcimifugin lathengwa eKorea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry (Gyeongsan, Korea), kanyeisekhondi-O-glucosylhamaudol futhi 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol yahlukaniswa ngaphakathi kwelabhorethri yethu futhi ikhonjwe ngokuhlaziywa kwe-spectral, ngokuyinhloko yi-NMR ne-MS.
Amasampula e-SDE (0.1 mg) ahlakazwa ku-70% ethanol (10 mL). Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Chromatographic kwenziwe ngekholomu ye-XSelect HSS T3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5μm, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). Isigaba seselula sasihlanganisa i-acetonitrile (A) kanye ne-acetic acid engu-0.1% emanzini (B) ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-1.0 mL/min. Uhlelo lwe-multistep gradient lusetshenziswe kanje: 5% A (0 min), 5–20% A (0–10 min), 20% A (10–23 min), kanye 20–65% A (23–40 min ). Ubude begagasi bokutholwa buskenwe ku-210–400 nm futhi barekhodwa ku-254 nm. Umthamo womjovo wawuyi-10.0μIzixazululo ezijwayelekile ze-L. zokunquma ama-chromone amathathu zalungiswa ekuhlanganiseni kokugcina okungu-7.781 mg/mL (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin), 31.125 mg/mL (4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol), kanye ne-31.125 mg/mL (isekhondi-O-glucosylhamaudol) ku-methanol futhi igcinwe ku-4°C.
2.3. Ukuhlolwa Komsebenzi Wokulwa NokuvuvukalaKu-Vitro
2.3.1. I-Cell Culture kanye nokwelashwa okuyisampula
Amaseli angu-RAW 264.7 atholwe ku-American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) futhi atshalwa endaweni ye-DMEM equkethe ama-antibiotic angu-1% kanye no-5.5% FBS. Amaseli afakwe endaweni enomswakama ongu-5% CO2 ku-37°C. Ukuze kukhuthazwe amaseli, okuphakathi kwathathelwa indawo yi-DMEM medium entsha, kanye ne-lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) ngo-1μg/mL yengezwe kukhona noma ingekho i-SDE (200 noma 400μg/mL) amahora angama-24 engeziwe.
2.3.2. Ukunqunywa kwe-Nitric Oxide (NO), i-Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), i-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α), kanye ne-Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production
Amaseli aphathwe nge-SDE futhi avuselelwe nge-LPS amahora angama-24. AKUKHO ukukhiqizwa okuhlaziywe ngokulinganisa i-nitrite kusetshenziswa i-reagent ye-Griess ngokocwaningo lwangaphambilini [12]. Ukugcinwa kwe-cytokines evuthayo PGE2, TNF-α, futhi i-IL-6 yanqunywa kusetshenziswa ikhithi ye-ELISA (amasistimu e-R&D) ngokuya ngemiyalelo yomkhiqizi. Imiphumela ye-SDE ku-NO kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-cytokine kunqunywe ku-540 nm noma ku-450 nm kusetshenziswa i-Wallac EnVision.™umfundi we-microplate (PerkinElmer).
2.4. Ukuhlolwa komsebenzi we-AntiosteoarthritisKu-Vivo
2.4.1. Izilwane
Amagundane e-Sprague-Dawley abesilisa (amasonto angu-7 ubudala) athengwe kwa-Samtako Inc. (Osan, Korea) futhi ahlaliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo ngomjikelezo wokukhanya/umnyama ongu-12-h°C kanye% umswakama. Amagundane anikezwa ukudla kwaselabhorethri namanzii-ad libitum. Zonke izinqubo zokuhlola zenziwe ngokuhambisana neziqondiso Zezikhungo Zezempilo Zikazwelonke (NIH) futhi zagunyazwa IKomidi Lokunakekelwa Kwezilwane Nokusetshenziswa lasenyuvesi yase-Daejeon (Daejeon, republic of Korea).
2.4.2. Ukufakwa kwe-OA nge-MIA kumagundane
Izilwane zazingahleliwe futhi zabelwe amaqembu okwelapha ngaphambi kokuqala kocwaningo (iqembu ngalinye). Isixazululo se-MIA (3 mg/50μL ye-0.9% saline) ijovwe ngokuqondile endaweni ye-intra-articular yedolo elingakwesokudla ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia eyenziwe ngengxube ye-ketamine ne-xylazine. Amagundane ahlukaniswa ngokungahleliwe abe amaqembu amane: (1) iqembu le-saline elingenayo i-MIA injection, (2) iqembu le-MIA elinomjovo we-MIA, (3) iqembu eliphathwe nge-SDE (200 mg / kg) ngomjovo we-MIA, kanye (4) ) iqembu elilashwa nge-indomethacin- (IM-) (2 mg/kg) ngomjovo we-MIA. Amagundane aphathwa ngomlomo nge-SDE kanye ne-IM 1 ngesonto ngaphambi kokujova kwe-MIA kumaviki angu-4. Umthamo we-SDE ne-IM osetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo wawusekelwe kulabo abaqashwe ezifundweni ezedlule [10,13,14].
2.4.3. Izilinganiso ze-Hindpaw Weight-Bearing Distribution
Ngemuva kokungeniswa kwe-OA, ibhalansi yasekuqaleni kumandla okuthwala isisindo wama-hindpaws yaphazamiseka. Umhloli we-incapacitance (i-Linton instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) wasetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinguquko ekubekezeleleni isisindo. Amagundane afakwa ngokucophelela ekamelweni lokulinganisa. Amandla athwala isisindo asetshenziswa isitho sangemuva alinganiswa phakathi nenkathi ye-3 s. Isilinganiso sokusabalalisa isisindo sibalwa ngesibalo esilandelayo: [isisindo esithweni sangemuva esingakwesokudla/(isisindo esigangeni sangemuva kwesokudla + isisindo esithweni sangemuva kwesokunxele)] × 100 [15].
2.4.4. Izilinganiso zeSerum Cytokine Levels
Amasampula egazi ayeyi-centrifuged ku-1,500 g imizuzu engu-10 ku-4 ° C; bese kuthi i-serum iqoqwe futhi igcinwe ku-−70°C ize isetshenziswe. Amazinga we-IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, kanye ne-PGE2 ku-serum kukalwe kusetshenziswa amakhithi e-ELISA avela ku-R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) ngokwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.
2.4.5. Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-RT-PCR Yesikhathi Sangempela
Isamba se-RNA sakhishwa esiculweni esihlangene samadolo kusetshenziswa i-TRI reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), eguqulelwe emuva ku-cDNA kanye ne-PCR-akhuliswe kusetshenziswa ikhithi ye-TM One Step RT PCR ene-SYBR eluhlaza (Applied Biosystems , Grand Island, NY, USA). I-PCR yobuningi besikhathi sangempela yenziwe kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-PCR ye-Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Ukulandelana kwe-primer kanye nokulandelana kwe-probe kukhonjisiwe kuThebula1. Ama-aliquots amasampula e-cDNAs kanye nenani elilinganayo le-GAPDH cDNA akhuliswe ngengxube eyinhloko ye-TaqMan® Universal PCR equkethe i-DNA polymerase ngokuya ngemiyalo yomkhiqizi (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). Izimo ze-PCR zaziyi-2 min ku-50 ° C, i-10 min ku-94 ° C, i-15 s ku-95 ° C, ne-1 iminithi ku-60 ° C emijikelezweni ye-40. Ukuhlangana kofuzo oluqondiwe kwanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuqhathanisa i-Ct (inombolo yomjikelezo we-threshold endaweni enqamula phakathi kwesakhiwo sokukhulisa nomkhawulo), ngokuya ngemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.
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Amafutha e-Dalbergia Odoriferae Lignum ahlanzekile ekhandlela nensipho enza i-wholesale diffuser uwoyela obalulekile usha wezishisi zokushisa umhlanga
Isitshalo somuthiI-Dalbergia odoriferaT. Chen izinhlobo, ezibizwa nangokuthiI-Lignum Dalbergia odoriferae[1], ingeyohloboI-Dalbergia, umndeni wakwaFabaceae (Leguminosae) [2]. Lesi sitshalo sisatshalaliswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseCentral naseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, eMadagascar, naseMpumalanga naseNingizimu ye-Asia [1,3], ikakhulukazi eShayina [4].D. odoriferaizinhlobo, ezaziwa ngokuthi “iJiangxiang” ngesiShayina, “iKangjinhyang” ngesiKorea, kanye “neKoshinko” emithini yaseJapane, iye yasetshenziswa emithini yendabuko ekwelapheni izifo zenhliziyo, umdlavuza, isifo sikashukela, ukuphazamiseka kwegazi, ischemia, ukuvuvukala. i-necrosis, ubuhlungu be-rheumatic, njll.5-7]. Ikakhulukazi, emalungiselelweni emithi yaseShayina, i-heartwood yatholwa futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa njengengxenye yezingxube zezidakamizwa ezithengiswayo zokwelapha inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okuhlanganisa isiphuzo se-Qi-Shen-Yi-Qi, amaphilisi e-Guanxin-Danshen, nomjovo we-Danshen [5,6,8-11]. Njengabanye abaningiI-Dalbergiaizinhlobo, uphenyo lwe-phytochemical lwabonisa ukwenzeka kokuphuma kokuphuma kwe-flavonoid, phenol, kanye ne-sesquiterpene ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zalesi sitshalo, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-heartwood [12]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lemibiko ye-bioactive mayelana ne-cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiosteosarcoma, antiosteoporosis, kanye nemisebenzi ye-vasorelaxant kanye nemisebenzi ye-alpha-glucosidase inhibitory ibonisa ukuthi kokubiliD. odoriferaokukhishwe okungahluziwe kanye nama-metabolite ayo esibili kuyizinsiza ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwemithi emisha. Nokho, abukho ubufakazi obubikiwe bombono ovamile ngalesi sitshalo. Kulesi sibuyekezo, sinikeza amazwibela wezingxenye zamakhemikhali ezinkulu nokuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuzoba negalelo ekuqondeni amanani endabuko weD. odoriferakanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlobene, futhi inikeza imihlahlandlela edingekayo yocwaningo lwangomuso.
