incazelo emfushane:
I-Chinese Pharmacopoeia (uhlelo luka-2020) idinga ukuthi i-methanol extract ye-YCH ingabi ngaphansi kuka-20.0% [2], ngaphandle kwezinye izinkomba zokuhlola ikhwalithi ezichaziwe. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi okuqukethwe yizicucu ze-methanol zamasampula asendle nawatshaliwe kokubili kuhlangabezane nezinga le-pharmacopoeia, futhi kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwawo. Ngakho-ke, kwakungekho mehluko obonakalayo wekhwalithi phakathi kwamasampula asendle nawatshaliwe, ngokusho kwaleyo nkomba. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe yi-sterol iyonke kanye ne-flavonoid iyonke kumasampula asendle kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunalawo asesampula atshaliwe. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwe-metabolomic kwembule ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe-metabolite phakathi kwamasampula asendle nawatshaliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwahlolwa ama-metabolite angu-97 ahlukene kakhulu, abhalwe ohlwiniIthebula Elingeziwe S2. Phakathi kwala ma-metabolite ahlukene kakhulu kukhona i-β-sitosterol (ID yi-M397T42) kanye ne-quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), okubikwa ukuthi ziyizithako ezisebenzayo. Izakhi ezingabikwanga ngaphambilini, njenge-trigonelline (M138T291_2), i-betaine (M118T277_2), i-fustin (M269T36), i-rotenone (M241T189), i-arctiin (M557T165) kanye ne-loganic acid (M399T284_2), nazo zifakiwe phakathi kwama-metabolite ahlukene. Lezi zingxenye zidlala indima ehlukahlukene ekulweni ne-oxidation, ekulweni nokuvuvukala, ekususeni ama-free radicals, ekulweni nomdlavuza kanye nasekuphatheni i-atherosclerosis futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zingaba yizingxenye ezintsha ezisebenzayo ku-YCH. Okuqukethwe kwezithako ezisebenzayo kunquma ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [7]. Ngamafuphi, i-methanol extract njengenkomba yokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-YCH kuphela inemikhawulo ethile, futhi izimpawu zekhwalithi ezithile zidinga ukuhlolwa kabanzi. Kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu kuma-sterol aphelele, ama-flavonoid aphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanye ama-metabolites amaningi ahlukene phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle neyalinywayo; ngakho-ke, kungenzeka kube nomehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kwawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithako ezisebenzayo ezisanda kutholakala ku-YCH zingase zibe nenani elibalulekile lokubhekisela esifundweni sesisekelo sokusebenza kwe-YCH kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsiza ze-YCH.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto zokwelapha zangempela sekuyisikhathi eside kuqashelwa endaweni ethile yemvelaphi yokukhiqiza imithi yamakhambi yaseShayina esezingeni eliphezulu [
8]. Ikhwalithi ephezulu iyisici esibalulekile sezinto zokwelapha zangempela, futhi indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto ezinjalo. Selokhu i-YCH yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi, ibilokhu ibuswa yi-YCH yasendle isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokwethulwa ngempumelelo kanye nokufuywa kwe-YCH eNingxia ngawo-1980, umthombo wezinto zokwelapha ze-Yinchaihu washintsha kancane kancane kusuka ku-YCH yasendle kuya ku-YCH etshaliwe. Ngokusho kophenyo lwangaphambilini ngemithombo ye-YCH [
9] kanye nophenyo lwensimu lweqembu lethu locwaningo, kukhona umehluko omkhulu ezindaweni zokusatshalaliswa kwezinto zokwelapha ezitshaliwe kanye nezasendle. I-YCH yasendle isatshalaliswa kakhulu eSifundeni Esizimele saseNingxia Hui eSifundazweni saseShaanxi, eduze nendawo eyomile yase-Inner Mongolia kanye ne-Ningxia ephakathi. Ikakhulukazi, i-desert steppe kulezi zindawo iyindawo yokuhlala efaneleka kakhulu yokukhula kwe-YCH. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-YCH etshaliwe isatshalaliswa kakhulu eningizimu yendawo yokusatshalaliswa yasendle, njengeTongxin County (Cultivated I) nezindawo ezizungezile, eseyisizinda esikhulu sokulima nokukhiqiza eShayina, kanye nePengyang County (Cultivated II), etholakala endaweni eseningizimu futhi ingenye indawo yokukhiqiza ye-YCH etshaliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlala zezindawo ezimbili ezitshaliwe ezingenhla azizona i-desert steppe. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwendlela yokukhiqiza, kukhona umehluko omkhulu endaweni yokuhlala ye-YCH yasendle netshaliwe. Indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha zamakhambi. Izindawo zokuhlala ezahlukene zizothinta ukwakheka kanye nokuqongelela kwama-metabolite esibili ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezokwelapha [
10,
11]. Ngakho-ke, umehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid aphelele kanye nama-sterol aphelele kanye nokubonakaliswa kwama-metabolites angu-53 esiwatholile kulolu cwaningo kungaba umphumela wokuphathwa kwensimu kanye nokwehluka kwendawo yokuhlala.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko imvelo ethonya ngazo ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha ukufaka ukucindezeleka ezitshalweni eziwumthombo. Ukucindezeleka okulinganiselwe kwemvelo kuvame ukukhuthaza ukuqongelela kwama-metabolite esibili [
12,
13]. I-hypothesis yokulinganisela ukukhula/ukwehluka ithi, lapho izakhamzimba zitholakala ngokwanele, izitshalo ziyakhula kakhulu, kanti lapho izakhamzimba zintula, izitshalo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zikhiqize ama-metabolites engeziwe esibili [
14]. Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso okubangelwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi yikona ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwemvelo okubhekene nezitshalo ezindaweni ezomile. Kulolu cwaningo, isimo samanzi se-YCH etshaliwe siningi kakhulu, amazinga emvula yaminyaka yonke aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-YCH yasendle (ukunikezwa kwamanzi e-Cultivated I kwakuphindwe kabili kunase-Wild; i-Cultivated II yayiphindwe kathathu nanhlanu kunase-Wild). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi emvelweni yasendle iyinhlabathi enesihlabathi, kodwa inhlabathi epulazini iyinhlabathi yobumba. Uma iqhathaniswa nobumba, inhlabathi enesihlabathi inamandla okugcina amanzi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ikhulise ukucindezeleka kwesomiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokulima yayivame ukuhambisana nokunisela, ngakho-ke izinga lokucindezeleka kwesomiso laliphansi. I-YCH yasendle ikhula ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo ezomile ezinzima, ngakho-ke ingase ihlupheke kakhulu ngesomiso.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Osmoregulation kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuphilayo lapho izitshalo zibhekana khona nokucindezeleka kwesomiso, futhi ama-alkaloid ayizilawuli ezibalulekile ze-osmotic ezitshalweni eziphakeme [
15]. Ama-Betaines angama-alkaloid quaternary ammonium compounds ancibilika emanzini futhi angasebenza njenge-osmoprotectants. Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kunganciphisa amandla e-osmotic amaseli, kuyilapho ama-osmoprotectants egcina futhi egcina isakhiwo kanye nobuqotho bama-macromolecule ezinto eziphilayo, futhi anciphise ngempumelelo umonakalo obangelwa ukucindezeleka kwesomiso ezitshalweni [
16]. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwesomiso, okuqukethwe yi-betaine ku-sugar beet kanye ne-Lycium barbarum kwanda kakhulu [
17,
18]. I-Trigonelline ilawula ukukhula kwamaseli, futhi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwesomiso, ingandisa ubude bomjikelezo wamaseli esitshalo, ivimbele ukukhula kwamaseli futhi iholele ekuncipheni komthamo wamaseli. Ukwanda okulinganiselwe kokuhlushwa kwe-solute kuseli kwenza isitshalo sikwazi ukufeza ukulawulwa kwe-osmotic futhi sithuthukise ikhono laso lokumelana nokucindezeleka kwesomiso [
19]. I-JIA X [
20] bathole ukuthi, ngokwanda kokucindezeleka kwesomiso, i-Astragalus membranaceus (umthombo wemithi yendabuko yaseShayina) ikhiqize i-trigonelline eyengeziwe, esebenza ukulawula amandla e-osmotic futhi ithuthukise ikhono lokumelana nokucindezeleka kwesomiso. Ama-Flavonoid nawo aboniswe ukuthi adlala indima ebalulekile ekumelaneni nezitshalo nokucindezeleka kwesomiso [
21,
22]. Inani elikhulu lezifundo liqinisekisile ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso okulinganiselwe kwakubangela ukuqongelela kwama-flavonoid. ULang Duo-Yong nabanye. [
23] baqhathanisa imiphumela yokucindezeleka kwesomiso ku-YCH ngokulawula amandla okugcina amanzi ensimini. Kutholakale ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kuvimbele ukukhula kwezimpande ngezinga elithile, kodwa ekucindezelekeni kwesomiso okumaphakathi nokubi kakhulu (umthamo wokugcina amanzi ensimini ongu-40%), okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-flavonoid ku-YCH kwanda. Okwamanje, ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwesomiso, ama-phytosterol angasebenza ukulawula ukugeleza kwe-membrane yamaseli kanye nokuphuma kwawo, avimbele ukulahleka kwamanzi futhi athuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka [
24,
25]. Ngakho-ke, ukuqongelela okwandisiwe kwama-flavonoid aphelele, ama-sterol aphelele, i-betaine, i-trigonelline kanye namanye ama-metabolite esibili ku-YCH yasendle kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokucindezeleka kwesomiso okukhulu.
Kulolu cwaningo, ukuhlaziywa kokunotha kwendlela ye-KEGG kwenziwa kuma-metabolites atholakale ehluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle neyatshalwa. Ama-metabolites acebile afaka phakathi lawo ahilelekile ezindleleni ze-ascorbate kanye ne-aldarate metabolism, i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, i-histidine metabolism kanye ne-beta-alanine metabolism. Lezi zindlela ze-metabolic zihlobene eduze nezindlela zokumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo. Phakathi kwazo, i-ascorbate metabolism idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-antioxidant yezitshalo, i-carbon kanye ne-nitrogen metabolism, ukumelana nokucindezeleka kanye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba [
26]; i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis iyindlela ebalulekile yokwakheka kwamaprotheni [
27,
28], ehilelekile ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni amelana nokucindezeleka. Zombili izindlela ze-histidine kanye ne-β-alanine zingathuthukisa ukubekezelela izitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwemvelo [
29,
30]. Lokhu kuqhubeka kubonisa ukuthi umehluko kuma-metabolites phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle neyalinywayo wawuhlobene eduze nezinqubo zokumelana nokucindezeleka.
Inhlabathi iyisisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha. I-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P) kanye ne-potassium (K) enhlabathini yizinto ezibalulekile zezakhamzimba ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi nazo ziqukethe i-N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg kanye nezinye izakhi ezincane kanye nezakhi zokulandelela ezidingekayo ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Izakhamzimba eziningi noma ezintula, noma izilinganiso zezakhamzimba ezingalingani, zizothinta ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha, futhi izitshalo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zezakhamzimba [
31,
32,
33]. Isibonelo, ukucindezeleka okuphansi kwe-N kwakhuthaza ukwenziwa kwama-alkaloid ku-Isatis indigotica, futhi kwaba nenzuzo ekuqongeleleni kwama-flavonoid ezitshalweni ezifana ne-Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, i-Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge kanye ne-Dichondra repens Forst. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-N eningi kakhulu yavimbela ukuqongelelana kwama-flavonoid ezinhlotsheni ezifana ne-Erigeron breviscapus, i-Abrus cantoniensis kanye ne-Ginkgo biloba, futhi yathinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [
34]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kube yimpumelelo ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwe-glycyrrhizic acid kanye ne-dihydroacetone ku-Ural licorice [
35]. Lapho inani lokufaka lidlula u-0·12 kg·m−2, okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-flavonoid ku-Tussilago farfara kwehle [
36]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kube nomthelela omubi kokuqukethwe kwama-polysaccharides ku-rhizoma polygonati yemithi yendabuko yaseShayina [
37], kodwa umanyolo we-K wawusebenza kahle ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwawo kwama-saponins [
38]. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo ongu-450 kg·hm−2 K kwakuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokukhula kanye nokuqongelela kwe-saponin kwe-Panax notoginseng eneminyaka emibili ubudala [
39]. Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-N:P:K = 2:2:1, inani eliphelele le-hydrothermal extract, i-harpagide kanye ne-harpagoside kwakuyilona eliphezulu kakhulu [
40]. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-N, P kanye ne-K sasizuzisa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-Pogostemon cablin nokwandisa okuqukethwe uwoyela oguquguqukayo. Isilinganiso esiphansi se-N, P kanye ne-K sandise okuqukethwe kwezingxenye eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo zamafutha e-Pogostemon cablin stem leaf [
41]. I-YCH iyisitshalo esingakwazi ukumelana nenhlabathi engenalutho, futhi ingaba nezidingo ezithile zezakhamzimba ezifana ne-N, i-P kanye ne-K. Kulolu cwaningo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-YCH etshaliwe, inhlabathi yezitshalo ze-YCH zasendle yayingaqinile: okuqukethwe yinhlabathi yezinto eziphilayo, i-N iyonke, i-P iyonke kanye ne-K iyonke kwakucishe kube yi-1/10, 1/2, 1/3 kanye ne-1/3 kwalokho kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, umehluko wezakhamzimba zomhlabathi ungase ube esinye isizathu somehluko phakathi kwama-metabolites atholakala ku-YCH etshaliwe kanye neyasendle. Weibao Ma et al. [
42bathole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenani elithile lomanyolo we-N kanye nomanyolo we-P kuthuthukise kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yembewu. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wezakhi zezakhamzimba ekhwalithini ye-YCH awucacile, futhi izinyathelo zokufaka umanyolo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha zidinga ukufundwa okwengeziwe.
Imithi yamakhambi yaseShayina inezici ezithi “Izindawo zokuhlala ezinhle zikhuthaza isivuno, kanti izindawo zokuhlala ezimbi zithuthukisa ikhwalithi” [
43]. Enkambisweni yokushintsha kancane kancane kusuka ku-YCH yasendle kuya ku-YCH etshaliwe, indawo yokuhlala yezitshalo yashintsha kusuka emathafeni asogwadule angomile futhi angenalutho yaya endaweni yokulima evundile enamanzi amaningi. Indawo yokuhlala ye-YCH etshaliwe ingcono kakhulu futhi isivuno siphezulu, okuwusizo ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo semakethe. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo yokuhlala engcono kakhulu yaholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile kuma-metabolites e-YCH; ukuthi lokhu kuyasiza yini ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi ye-YCH nokuthi ungayithola kanjani ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-YCH ngezinyathelo zokulima ezisekelwe kwisayensi kuzodinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Ukutshala indawo yokuhlala efanayo kuyindlela yokulingisa indawo yokuhlala kanye nezimo zemvelo zezitshalo zokwelapha zasendle, ngokusekelwe olwazini lokuzivumelanisa kwesikhathi eside kwezitshalo nezingcindezi ezithile zemvelo [
43]. Ngokulingisa izici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo ezithinta izitshalo zasendle, ikakhulukazi indawo yokuhlala yokuqala yezitshalo ezisetshenziswa njengemithombo yezinto zokwelapha zangempela, le ndlela isebenzisa ukwakheka kwesayensi kanye nokungenelela komuntu okusha ukulinganisela ukukhula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism kwesibili kwezitshalo zokwelapha zaseShayina [
43]. Lezi zindlela zihlose ukufeza amalungiselelo afanele okuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwelapha ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukutshalwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezifanayo kufanele kuhlinzeke ngendlela ephumelelayo yokukhiqizwa kwe-YCH esezingeni eliphezulu ngisho noma isisekelo se-pharmacodynamic, izimpawu zekhwalithi kanye nezindlela zokuphendula ezicini zemvelo kungacacile. Ngakho-ke, siphakamisa ukuthi izinyathelo zesayensi zokuklama kanye nokuphathwa kwensimu ekutshalweni nasekukhiqizweni kwe-YCH kufanele zenziwe ngokubhekisela ezicini zemvelo ze-YCH yasendle, njengezimo zomhlabathi owomile, ongenalutho kanye nowesihlabathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunethemba lokuthi abacwaningi bazokwenza ucwaningo olujulile ngesisekelo sezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nezimpawu zekhwalithi ze-YCH. Lezi zifundo zinganikeza izindlela zokuhlola ezisebenzayo ze-YCH, futhi zikhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo yemboni.
