incazelo emfushane:
I-Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) idinga ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-methanol kwe-YCH akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-20.0% [2], ngaphandle kwezinye izinkomba zokuhlola ikhwalithi ezishiwo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezingcaphuno ze-methanol zasendle namasampula atshaliwe kokubili kuhlangabezana nezinga le-pharmacopoeia, futhi awukho umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwazo. Ngakho-ke, wawungekho umehluko wekhwalithi obonakalayo phakathi kwamasampula asendle natshaliwe, ngokwaleyo nkomba. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwama-sterols aphelele kanye nama-flavonoid aphelele kumasampuli asendle ayephakeme kakhulu kunalawo asemasampula atshaliwe. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwe-metabolomic kwembula ukuhlukahluka okuningi kwe-metabolite phakathi kwamasampula asendle natshaliwe. Ukwengeza, kuhlolwe ama-metabolites angama-97 ahluke kakhulu, abhalwe ohlwiniIthebula Lokwengeza S2. Phakathi kwalawa ma-metabolite ahluke kakhulu kukhona i-β-sitosterol (ID i-M397T42) kanye nokuphuma kwe-quercetin (M447T204_2), okuye kwabikwa njengezithako ezisebenzayo. Izingxenye ebezingabikwanga ngaphambilini, njenge-trigonelline (M138T291_2), i-betaine (M118T277_2), i-fustin (M269T36), i-rotenone (M241T189), i-arctiin (M557T165) kanye ne-loganic acid (M399T284) eyahlukene, ifakiwe phakathi kwe-metaboli_ehlukile. Lezi zingxenye zidlala izindima ezihlukene ekulweni ne-oxidation, ukulwa nokuvuvukala, ukuqeda ama-radicals mahhala, ukulwa nomdlavuza kanye nokwelapha isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, ngakho-ke, zingakha izinto ezinoveli ezisebenzayo ku-YCH. Okuqukethwe kwezithako ezisebenzayo kunquma ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [7]. Kafushane, ukukhishwa kwe-methanol njengokuwukuphela kwenkomba yokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-YCH kunemikhawulo ethile, futhi izimpawu zekhwalithi ezicaciswe kakhulu zidinga ukuqhutshekwa zihlolwe. Kube nomehluko obalulekile kuma-sterols aphelele, ama-flavonoid aphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanye ama-metabolites amaningi ahlukene phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle kanye ne-YCH etshaliwe; ngakho-ke, bekukhona umehluko othile wekhwalithi phakathi kwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithako ezisebenzayo ezisanda kutholwa ku-YCH zingase zibe nenani elibalulekile lesithenjwa socwaningo lwesisekelo sokusebenza se-YCH kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsiza ze-YCH.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto zokwelapha zangempela sekuyisikhathi eside kwaqashelwa endaweni ethile lapho kuvela khona ukukhiqizwa kwemithi ye-herbal yamaShayina yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu [
8]. Izinga eliphezulu liyisibaluli esibalulekile sezinto zokwelapha zangempela, futhi indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto ezinjalo. Selokhu i-YCH yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi, sekunesikhathi eside ibuswa yi-YCH yasendle. Kulandela ukwethulwa ngempumelelo kanye nokufuywa kwe-YCH e-Ningxia ngawo-1980, umthombo wezinto zokwelapha i-Yinchaihu kancane kancane wasuka endle waya ku-YCH etshaliwe. Ngokophenyo lwangaphambilini ngemithombo ye-YCH [
9] kanye nophenyo lwenkundla lweqembu lethu locwaningo, kunomehluko omkhulu ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zezinto zokwelapha ezitshalwayo nezilinywayo. I-YCH yasendle isatshalaliswa kakhulu ku-Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region esifundazweni sase-Shaanxi, eduze nendawo eyomile ye-Inner Mongolia kanye ne-Ningxia emaphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, indawo ewugwadule kulezi zindawo iyindawo efanelekile kakhulu yokukhula kwe-YCH. Ngokuphambene, i-YCH etshaliwe isatshalaliswa kakhulu eningizimu yendawo yasendle, njenge-Tongxin County (Cultivated I) kanye nezindawo ezizungezile, osekuyisizinda esikhulu sokulima nokukhiqiza eChina, kanye neSifunda sasePengyang (Esilinyiwe II) , esendaweni eseningizimu futhi engenye indawo ekhiqizayo i-YCH elinywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlala zalezi zindawo ezimbili ezingenhla ezitshaliwe aziwona amaqele asogwadule. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwendlela yokukhiqiza, kukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu endaweni yokuhlala yasendle kanye ne-YCH etshaliwe. Indawo yokuhlala iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha ngamakhambi. Izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene zizothinta ukwakheka nokuqoqwa kwama-metabolite esibili ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte izinga lemikhiqizo yokwelapha [
10,
11]. Ngakho-ke, umehluko ophawulekayo kokuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid isiyonke kanye nama-sterols aphelele kanye nokuvezwa kwama-metabolites angu-53 esiwatholile kulolu cwaningo kungase kube umphumela wokuphathwa kwensimu kanye nokwehluka kwendawo yokuhlala.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko indawo ezungezile ethonya ngayo izinga lezinto zokwelapha iwukuba icindezele izitshalo eziwumthombo. Ukucindezeleka kwemvelo okusesilinganisweni kuvame ukukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwama-metabolites esibili [
12,
13]. I-hypothesis yebhalansi yokukhula/umehluko ithi, lapho imisoco itholakala ngokwanele, izitshalo zikhula ngokuyinhloko, kanti lapho imisoco ishoda, izitshalo zihlukanisa kakhulu futhi zikhiqize ama-metabolites esibili [
14]. Ingcindezi yesomiso ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi ingcindezi enkulu yemvelo izitshalo ezindaweni ezomile. Kulolu cwaningo, isimo samanzi se-YCH etshaliwe sikhulu kakhulu, namazinga emvula yonyaka aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo e-YCH yasendle (amanzi e-Cultivated I ayecishe aphindwe izikhathi ezi-2 kune-Wild; I-cultivated II yayiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3.5 kune-Wild. ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi endaweni yasendle iyinhlabathi eyisihlabathi, kodwa inhlabathi yasemapulazini iyinhlabathi yobumba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobumba, inhlabathi enesihlabathi ayinawo amandla okugcina amanzi futhi kungenzeka ibhebhethekise ingcindezi yesomiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokulima yayivame ukuhambisana nokunisela, ngakho izinga lokucindezeleka kwesomiso laliphansi. I-Wild YCH ikhula ezindaweni zemvelo ezinogwadule, ngakho-ke ingase ibhekane nengcindezi yesomiso.
I-Osmoregulation iyindlela ebalulekile yokuphila lapho izitshalo zibhekana nengcindezi yesomiso, futhi ama-alkaloid abalulekile abalawuli be-osmotic ezitshalweni eziphakeme.
15]. Ama-Betaine angama-alkaloid quaternary ammonium compounds ancibilika emanzini futhi angasebenza njengama-osmoprotectants. Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kunganciphisa amandla e-osmotic amangqamuzana, kuyilapho ama-osmoprotectants egcina futhi egcina ukwakheka nobuqotho be-biological macromolecules, futhi adambise ngempumelelo umonakalo obangelwa ukucindezeleka kwesomiso ezitshalweni [
16]. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, okuqukethwe kwe-betaine ye-sugar beet ne-Lycium barbarum kukhuphuke kakhulu [
17,
18]. I-Trigonelline iyisilawuli sokukhula kwamangqamuzana, futhi ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, inganweba ubude bomjikelezo wamaseli esitshalo, ivimbele ukukhula kwamangqamuzana futhi iholele ekuncipheni kwevolumu yamaseli. Ukwenyuka okuhlobene kokugxila kwe-solute kuseli kwenza isitshalo sifinyelele ukulawulwa kwe-osmotic futhi sithuthukise ikhono laso lokumelana nengcindezi yesomiso [
19]. I-JIA X [
20] bathola ukuthi, ngokwanda kwengcindezi yesomiso, i-Astragalus membranaceus (umthombo womuthi wendabuko waseShayina) yakhiqiza i-trigonelline eyengeziwe, esebenza ukulawula amandla e-osmotic futhi ithuthukise ikhono lokumelana nengcindezi yesomiso. Ama-Flavonoid nawo aboniswe ukuthi adlala indima ebalulekile ekumelaneni nezitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwesomiso [
21,
22]. Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso okulinganiselwe kwakuhambisana nokuqoqwa kwama-flavonoid. U-Lang Duo-Yong et al. [
23] uqhathanise imiphumela yengcindezi yesomiso ku-YCH ngokulawula umthamo wokubamba amanzi endaweni. Kutholakale ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kuvimbele ukukhula kwezimpande ngezinga elithile, kodwa ekucindezelekeni okulinganiselwe futhi okunzima kwesomiso (umthamo we-40% wensimu yokubamba amanzi), inani eliphelele le-flavonoid ku-YCH lenyuka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, ama-phytosterols angasebenza ukuze alawule uketshezi lwe-cell membrane kanye nokuqina, avimbele ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi futhi athuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka [
24,
25]. Ngakho-ke, ukunqwabelana okukhulayo kwengqikithi ye-flavonoid, ingqikithi yama-sterol, i-betaine, i-trigonelline namanye ama-metabolite esibili e-YCH yasendle kungase kuhlotshaniswe nengcindezi yesomiso esinamandla kakhulu.
Kulolu cwaningo, ukuhlaziywa kwendlela ye-KEGG yokunothisa kwenziwa kuma-metabolites atholakale ehluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle netshaliwe. Ama-metabolites acebile ahlanganisa lawo abandakanyeka ezindleleni ze-ascorbate ne-aldarate metabolism, i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, i-histidine metabolism kanye ne-beta-alanine metabolism. Lezi zindlela ze-metabolic zihlobene eduze nezindlela zokumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo. Phakathi kwazo, i-ascorbate metabolism idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni isitshalo se-antioxidant, i-carbon ne-nitrogen metabolism, ukumelana nokucindezeleka neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.
26]; i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis iyindlela ebalulekile yokwakheka kwamaprotheni [
27,
28], ehilelekile ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni amelana nokucindezeleka. Zombili izindlela ze-histidine ne-β-alanine zingathuthukisa ukubekezelela izitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwemvelo [
29,
30]. Lokhu kuqhubeke kukhombisa ukuthi umehluko wama-metabolites phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle netshaliwe wawuhlobene eduze nezinqubo zokumelana nokucindezeleka.
Umhlabathi uyisisekelo esibonakalayo sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha. I-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P) kanye ne-potassium (K) enhlabathini yizakhi ezibalulekile zokukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo. I-Soil organic matter nayo iqukethe i-N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg nezinye izinto ezinkulu kanye nezakhi zokulandelela ezidingekayo ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Umsoco oweqile noma ontula, noma izilinganiso zomsoco ezingalingani, zizothinta ukukhula nokuthuthuka kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha, futhi izitshalo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zomsoco [
31,
32,
33]. Isibonelo, ukucindezeleka kwe-N okuphansi kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwama-alkaloid ku-Isatis indigotica, futhi kwaba nenzuzo ekuqongeleleni ama-flavonoid ezitshalweni ezifana ne-Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, i-Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge kanye ne-Dichondra repens Forst. Ngokuphambene, i-N eningi ivimbele ukunqwabelana kwama-flavonoid ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana ne-Erigeron breviscapus, i-Abrus canntoniensis ne-Ginkgo biloba, futhi yathinta ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha [
34]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kwaphumelela ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwe-glycyrrhizic acid ne-dihydroacetone ku-Ural licorice [
35]. Lapho inani lesicelo lidlula u-0·12 kg·m−2, inani eliphelele le-flavonoid e-Tussilago farfara lehla [
36]. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-P kube nomthelela omubi kokuqukethwe kwama-polysaccharides emithini yendabuko yamaShayina i-rhizoma polygonati [
37], kodwa umanyolo we-K waphumelela ekwandiseni okuqukethwe kwawo ama-saponins [
38]. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo ongu-450 kg·hm−2 K bekungcono kakhulu ekukhuleni nasekuqongeleleni i-saponin ye-Panax notoginseng eneminyaka emibili ubudala [
39]. Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-N:P:K = 2:2:1, inani eliphelele le-hydrothermal extract, i-harpagide ne-harpagoside bekuphakeme kakhulu [
40]. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-N, P kanye no-K sasizuzisa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-Pogostemon cablin nokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamafutha aguquguqukayo. Isilinganiso esiphansi se-N, P kanye no-K sandise okuqukethwe kwezingxenye eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo ze-Pogostemon cablin stem oil leaf [
41]. I-YCH iyisitshalo esibekezelela inhlabathi engenalutho, futhi ingase ibe nezidingo ezithile zomsoco ezifana ne-N, P kanye ne-K. Kulolu cwaningo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-YCH etshaliwe, inhlabathi yezitshalo zasendle i-YCH yayingenalutho: okuqukethwe kwenhlabathi. wezinto eziphilayo, isamba esingu-N, isamba esingu-P kanye nengqikithi engu-K yayicishe ibe yi-1/10, 1/2, 1/3 kanye ne-1/3 yalezo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, umehluko wezakhi zomhlabathi kungase kube esinye isizathu somehluko phakathi kwama-metabolites atholakala ku-YCH etshaliwe nesendle. U-Weibao Ma et al. [
42] bathole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenani elithile likamanyolo we-N kanye nomanyolo we-P kuthuthukisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yembewu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wezakhi zomsoco kwikhwalithi ye-YCH awucacile, futhi izinyathelo zokuvundisa zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokwelapha zidinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe.
Imithi yamakhambi yaseShayina inezici zokuthi “Izindawo ezihlala kahle zikhuthaza isivuno, futhi izindawo ezingafaneleki zithuthukisa izinga” [
43]. Enqubweni yokushintsha kancane kancane ukusuka endle kuya e-YCH etshaliwe, indawo yezitshalo yashintsha isuka endaweni ewugwadule ewugwadule eya endaweni evundile enamanzi amaningi. Indawo yokuhlala ye-YCH etshaliwe iphakeme futhi isivuno siphezulu, okuwusizo ukuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo ephakeme kakhulu yaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kuma-metabolites e-YCH; ukuthi lokhu kuyasiza yini ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi ye-YCH kanye nendlela yokuzuza ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ye-YCH ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokutshala ezisekelwe kwisayensi kuzodinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Ukulinywa kwemvelo okulingisa kuyindlela yokulingisa indawo yokuhlala kanye nezimo zemvelo zezitshalo zokwelapha zasendle, ngokusekelwe olwazini lokujwayela isikhathi eside kwezitshalo nezingcindezi ezithile zemvelo [
43]. Ngokulingisa izici ezihlukahlukene zemvelo ezithinta izitshalo zasendle, ikakhulukazi indawo yokuqala yezitshalo ezisetshenziswa njengemithombo yezinto eziyiqiniso zokwelapha, le ndlela isebenzisa ukwakheka kwesayensi nokungenelela kwabantu okusha ukuze kulinganisele ukukhula kanye nokugayeka kokudla kwesibili kwezitshalo zokwelapha zaseShayina [
43]. Izindlela zihlose ukufeza amalungiselelo alungile okuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwelapha ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukutshalwa kwemvelo okulingisayo kufanele kunikeze indlela ephumelelayo yokukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ye-YCH ngisho nalapho isisekelo se-pharmacodynamic, izimpawu zekhwalithi nezindlela zokuphendula ezicini zemvelo zingacacile. Ngakho-ke, siphakamisa ukuthi ukuklama kwesayensi kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha insimu ekulinyweni nasekukhiqizeni i-YCH kufanele kwenziwe ngokubhekisela ezicini zemvelo ze-YCH yasendle, njengezimo zenhlabathi eyomile, engenalutho kanye nesihlabathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuthenjwa futhi ukuthi abacwaningi bazokwenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngesisekelo sezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nezimpawu zekhwalithi ze-YCH. Lezi zifundo zingahlinzeka ngemibandela yokuhlola esebenza ngempumelelo ye-YCH, futhi zikhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nentuthuko esimeme yomkhakha.
